Object Oriented Modeling And Design With Uml Solution Pdf Download
Object Oriented Modeling And Design With Uml Solution Pdf Download
Are you looking for a way to improve your software development skills and create high-quality applications? Do you want to learn how to use a common language and notation for describing software systems? Do you want to download a PDF solution that will guide you through the process of object oriented modeling and design with UML?
If you answered yes to any of these questions, then this article is for you. In this article, you will learn:
What is object oriented modeling and design
What is UML
Why use object oriented modeling and design with UML
What are the benefits and challenges of object oriented modeling and design with UML
How to apply object oriented concepts using UML
How to use UML diagrams for object oriented analysis and design
How to use UML tools and resources
How to design a note-taking app with UML
By the end of this article, you will have a clear understanding of object oriented modeling and design with UML and how to use it in your own projects. You will also be able to download a PDF solution that will show you step by step how to design a note-taking app with UML.
Object Oriented Concepts
Before we dive into object oriented modeling and design with UML, let's review some basic concepts of object orientation. Object orientation is a way of thinking about software systems in terms of objects that interact with each other. Objects are entities that have attributes (data) and behaviors (methods). Classes are blueprints that define the common attributes and behaviors of a group of objects.
Objects and Classes
For example, let's say we want to model a car as an object. A car has attributes such as color, model, speed, etc. A car also has behaviors such as start, stop, accelerate, etc. We can define a class called Car that specifies the common attributes and behaviors of all cars. Then, we can create individual objects of the Car class, such as car1, car2, car3, etc. Each object has its own values for the attributes and can perform the behaviors defined by the class.
Abstraction and Encapsulation
Abstraction is the process of hiding the unnecessary details and focusing on the essential features of an object. Abstraction helps us to simplify complex systems and reduce complexity. For example, when we use a car, we don't need to know how the engine works or how the brakes function. We only need to know how to use the steering wheel, the pedals, and the dashboard. Abstraction allows us to use a car as a single unit without worrying about its internal details.
Encapsulation is the process of bundling the data and methods of an object together and hiding them from the outside world. Encapsulation helps us to protect the data and methods of an object from being accessed or modified by unauthorized parties. For example, we can make the attributes of a car private, so that only the methods of the car can access or change them. Encapsulation allows us to control how an object interacts with other objects and enforce data integrity.
Inheritance and Polymorphism
Inheritance is the process of creating new classes from existing classes. Inheritance helps us to reuse existing code and avoid duplication. For example, we can create a subclass called ElectricCar from the superclass Car. The ElectricCar class inherits all the attributes and behaviors of the Car class, but also adds some new attributes and behaviors specific to electric cars, such as battery level, charge, etc.
Polymorphism is the ability of an object to behave differently depending on its type or context. Polymorphism helps us to create flexible and dynamic systems that can handle different situations. For example, we can define a method called start in both the Car class and the ElectricCar class, but implement it differently in each class. The start method in the Car class may use a key to ignite the engine, while the start method in the ElectricCar class may use a button to activate the battery. Polymorphism allows us to use the same method name for different objects and get different results.
UML Basics
Now that we have reviewed some object oriented concepts, let's learn about UML. UML stands for Unified Modeling Language. It is a standard graphical notation for describing software systems using object oriented principles. UML was created in 1997 by combining elements from three popular object oriented design methods: Booch, OOSE, and OMT. UML has been widely adopted by software developers and engineers as a common language for communication and documentation.
What is UML?
UML is not a programming language or a software development methodology. UML is a modeling language that provides a set of symbols, rules, and guidelines for creating diagrams that represent software systems. UML diagrams can be used for various purposes, such as:
Analyzing requirements
Designing software architecture
Documenting software design
Visualizing software behavior
Testing software functionality
Communicating with stakeholders
UML diagrams can also be used for modeling non-software systems, such as business processes, organizational structures, workflows, etc.
UML Diagram Types
UML defines 14 types of diagrams that are grouped into two categories: structure diagrams and behavior diagrams. Structure diagrams show the static structure of a system in terms of its components and their relationships. Behavior diagrams show the dynamic behavior of a system in terms of its actions and interactions.
The following table summarizes the 14 types of UML diagrams:
Structure Diagrams Behavior Diagrams --- --- Class Diagram Use Case Diagram Object Diagram Sequence Diagram Component Diagram Communication Diagram Composite Structure Diagram State Machine Diagram Deployment Diagram Activity Diagram Package Diagram Timing Diagram Profile Diagram Interaction Overview Diagram In this article, we will focus on four of the most commonly used UML diagrams: use case diagram, class diagram, sequence diagram, and state machine diagram.
UML Tools and Resources
To create UML diagrams, you can use various tools and resources that are available online or offline. Some popular UML tools are:
Draw.io: A free online diagramming tool that supports UML and other diagram types
Lucidchart: A cloud-based diagramming tool that supports UML and other diagram types
UML.org: The official website of UML that provides the latest specifications, standards, and resources for UML
Some popular UML resources are:
UML and Object-Oriented Design Foundations: A Udemy course that teaches the basics of object-oriented design and UML
Object-Oriented Modeling and Design with UML: A book that provides a comprehensive and practical guide to object-oriented modeling and design with UML
Object-Oriented Design with UML and Java: A book that shows how to apply object-oriented concepts and UML to Java programming
Object Oriented Analysis and Design with UML
Now that we have learned some basics of UML, let's see how we can use it for object oriented analysis and design. Object oriented analysis and design (OOAD) is a software development approach that applies object oriented principles to analyze the requirements of a system and design its architecture. OOAD consists of four main phases: requirement analysis, system design, object design, and implementation.
What is Object Oriented Analysis and Design?
Requirement analysis is the phase where we collect and analyze the functional and non-functional requirements of a system. We identify the actors (users or external systems) who interact with the system, the use cases (scenarios) that describe the goals and tasks of the actors, and the constraints (assumptions, rules, regulations) that affect the system. We use use case diagrams to model the requirements of a system.
System design is the phase where we define the overall structure and behavior of a system. We identify the components (subsystems or modules) that make up the system, the interfaces (contracts or specifications) that define how they communicate with each other, and the patterns (solutions or templates) that guide their design. We use class diagrams, component diagrams, deployment diagrams, package diagrams, and profile diagrams to model the system design.
Object design is the phase where we refine the components of a system into more detailed and concrete classes and objects. We define the attributes (properties or fields) and methods (operations or functions) of each class, the relationships (associations or links) among classes, and the collaborations (interactions or messages) among objects. We use class diagrams, object diagrams, communication diagrams, sequence diagrams, timing diagrams, interaction overview diagrams, composite structure diagrams, and state machine diagrams to model the object design.
Implementation is the phase where we translate the object design into executable code using a programming language such as Java, C++, Python, etc. We use code blocks to write the code for each class and method.
How to Use UML for Object Oriented Analysis and Design?
There is no one fixed way to use UML for object oriented analysis and design. Different projects may have different requirements, constraints, preferences, and tools. However, here is a general process that you can follow to use UML for OOAD:
Identify the scope and purpose of your system. What problem are you trying to solve? Who are your target users? What are your goals and objectives?
Create a use case diagram to capture the functional requirements of your system. Identify the actors who interact with your system and their use cases. Write a brief description for each use case.
Create a class diagram to capture the static structure of your system. Identify the classes that represent the main concepts or entities in your system. Define their attributes and methods. Identify their relationships such as inheritance, association, aggregation, composition, dependency, and realization.
Create a sequence diagram to capture the dynamic behavior of your system. Identify the objects that participate in each use case and their lifelines. Define the messages that they exchange to perform the use case. Show the order and timing of the messages using sequence numbers and time constraints.
Create a state machine diagram to capture the state changes of your system. Identify the states that an object can be in and the events that trigger the transitions between states. Define the actions and activities that occur in each state or transition.
Refine and revise your UML diagrams as needed. Check for consistency, completeness, correctness, and clarity. Use feedback from stakeholders, peers, and experts to improve your design.
Implement your design using a programming language of your choice. Write the code for each class and method using code blocks. Test and debug your code using appropriate tools and techniques.
Here are some tips and best practices for using UML for OOAD:
Use a consistent and meaningful naming convention for your UML elements. For example, use nouns for classes, verbs for methods, adjectives for attributes, etc.
Use a consistent and appropriate level of abstraction for your UML diagrams. For example, don't include too many details or too few details in your diagrams. Use different levels of abstraction for different audiences or purposes.
Use a consistent and appropriate notation and style for your UML diagrams. For example, follow the UML standards and guidelines for symbols, colors, fonts, etc. Use different notations and styles for different diagram types or elements.
Use comments and notes to explain or clarify your UML diagrams. For example, use comments to describe the purpose or functionality of a class, method, or message. Use notes to provide additional information or constraints that are not shown in the diagram.
Use tools and resources to create and manage your UML diagrams. For example, use UML tools to draw, edit, save, export, import, print, etc. your diagrams. Use UML resources to learn, practice, reference, etc. UML concepts and techniques.
Case Study: Designing a Note-Taking App with UML
To illustrate how to use UML for object oriented analysis and design, let's look at a case study of designing a note-taking app with UML. A note-taking app is a software application that allows users to create, edit, organize, and share notes on various devices. A note is a piece of information that can contain text, images, audio, video, etc.
The following steps show how to design a note-taking app with UML:
Identify the scope and purpose of the note-taking app. The note-taking app is intended for personal and professional users who want to record and manage their notes on various devices. The note-taking app aims to provide a simple and intuitive user interface, a rich set of features, and a secure and reliable storage.
Create a use case diagram to capture the functional requirements of the note-taking app. The following figure shows a possible use case diagram for the note-taking app:
```html
``` The use case diagram shows that there are two actors who interact with the note-taking app: User and Cloud Service. The User is the person who uses the note-taking app to create, edit, organize, and share notes. The Cloud Service is an external system that provides storage and synchronization services for the notes. The use cases are:
Create Note: The User can create a new note with a title and content.
Edit Note: The User can edit an existing note by changing its title or content.
Delete Note: The User can delete an existing note from the app.
Organize Note: The User can organize notes by creating folders, moving notes to folders, renaming folders, deleting folders, etc.
Share Note: The User can share notes with other users via email, social media, etc.
Search Note: The User can search notes by keywords or filters.
Sync Note: The User can sync notes with the Cloud Service to access them from different devices.
Create a class diagram to capture the static structure of the note-taking app. The following figure shows a possible class diagram for the note-taking app:
```html
``` The class diagram shows that there are four classes that represent the main concepts or entities in the note-taking app: Note, Folder, User, and CloudService. The attributes and methods of each class are:
Attributes: id, title, content, dateCreated, dateModified
Methods: create(), edit(), delete(), share(), search()
Folder
Attributes: id, name, notes
Methods: create(), rename(), delete(), addNote(), removeNote()
User
Attributes: id, name, email, password, notes, folders
Methods: register(), login(), logout(), sync()
CloudService
Attributes: url, apiKey
Methods: store(), retrieve(), update(), delete()
The relationships among the classes are:
A User has zero or more Notes and zero or more Folders. A Note and a Folder belong to one User.
A Folder has zero or more Notes. A Note belongs to zero or one Folder.
A User interacts with a CloudService to sync Notes and Folders. A CloudService provides storage and synchronization services for Notes and Folders.
Create a sequence diagram to capture the dynamic behavior of the note-taking app. The following figure shows a possible sequence diagram for the use case \"Create Note\":
```html
``` The sequence diagram shows that there are four objects that participate in the use case \"Create Note\": user, noteTakingApp, note, and cloudService. The messages that they exchange to perform the use case are:
The user sends a message createNote() to the noteTakingApp object.
The noteTakingApp object creates a new note object and sends a message create() to it.
The note object initializes its attributes and returns a message ok() to the noteTakingApp object.
The noteTakingApp object adds the note object to the user's notes collection and sends a message store(note) to the cloudService object.
The cloudService object stores the note object in its storage and returns a message ok() to the noteTakingApp object.
The noteTakingApp object displays the note object to the user and returns a message ok() to the user.
Create a state machine diagram to capture the state changes of the note-taking app. The following figure shows a possible state machine diagram for the note object:
```html
``` The state diagram shows that there are four states that a note object can be in: New, Edited, Deleted, and Shared. The events that trigger the transitions between states are:
create(): The event that occurs when a note object is created by the user or the app.
edit(): The event that occurs when a note object is edited by the user or the app.
delete(): The event that occurs when a note object is deleted by the user or the app.
share(): The event that occurs when a note object is shared by the user or the app.
The actions and activities that occur in each state or transition are:
New: The state where a note object is newly created and has no content. The action is to initialize the attributes of the note object.
Edited: The state where a note object has some content and has been modified by the user or the app. The action is to update the dateModified attribute of the note object.
Deleted: The state where a note object has been deleted by the user or the app and is no longer available. The action is to remove the note object from the user's notes collection and from the cloud service's storage.
Shared: The state where a note object has been shared by the user or the app with other users or systems. The action is to send the note object via email, social media, etc.
Refine and revise your UML diagrams as needed. Check for consistency, completeness, correctness, and clarity. Use feedback from stakeholders, peers, and experts to improve your design.
The following figure shows an example of how you can refine your class diagram by adding more details such as visibility (public, private, protected), multiplicity (one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-many), aggregation (whole-part relationship), and composition (strong whole-part relationship):
```html
``` Implement your design using a